The Palatine Hill: What to See, History & How to Visit

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Small Group Colosseum Guided Tour with Palatine Hill & Roman Forum

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“Remus contemptuously leapt over the newly raised walls and was duly killed by the enraged Romulus, who exclaimed, 'So shall it be with everyone who leaps over my walls henceforth.'” 

(Livy, From the Founding of the City, 1.7)

So starts the history of Rome, with one brother murdering another on the ramparts of the Palatine Hill. For the next thousand years, the Palatine Hill would play centre stage to some of the strangest and most significant events in Roman history, from the celebration of the annual Lupercalia festival to the seduction of Caesar’s wife at the Bona Dea festival, and from the assassination of Caligula to the murder of the emperor Domitian in his palace bedroom.

The Palatine Hill is where the Roman Kingdom rose and where some would say, through the corruption and decadence that gripped the imperial court, the Roman Empire fell. It was here that many emperors were born and many more met their end, and where the luxury and debauchery associated with the Roman Empire found its most extravagant and extreme expression away from the prying eyes of the people. 

But the Palatine Hill is more than just an archaeological site. It has infused our modern lexicon, giving us words like palace and palatial, which derive from the late first-century CE Flavian Palace (Domus Flavia) whose ruins occupy much of the hill and overlook the Circus Maximus. 

This guide covers everything you need to know about the most famous of Rome's Seven Hills, including how to get there, ticketing information, what to see, and a short and digestible history. The best way to experience the Palatine Hill is on a guided tour, with the expertise of a licensed guide and timed-entry tickets that will have you sailing past the lines. 

Where Is the Palatine Hill and How to Get There

The Palatine Hill is nestled between the Circus Maximus to the south and the Roman Forum to the north. The River Tiber runs over to the west while the Colosseum sits within the valley of a former riverbed to the northeast. 

Reaching the Palatine Hill is easy. If you’re coming by metro, the closest stop is Colosseo, but if you get out at Circo Massimo you’re greeted with an impressive view of the Palatine Hill and the ruins of the imperial palace overlooking the circus.

By bus, you can get the 51, 75, 81, 85, 87, 117, 118, and C3 to just outside the Colosseum or the tram (no. 3 or 7) to Colosseo/Salvi. We think the best way to get here, though, is by walking from Piazza Venezia and along the Via dei Fori Imperiali.

Entrance times and prices

During the spring and summer, the Palatine Hill is open from 9 am until 7:15 pm, with the last entrance at 6:15 pm. During the winter, opening times are reduced to ensure visitors aren’t wandering around without daylight. From October 1st to 25th, the Palatine Hill is open from 8.30 am until 6.30 pm, and from October 26th until February 28th, it’s open from 8:30 am until 4:30 pm. The Palatine Hill is closed on December 25th and January 1st. For the latest opening times, please consult the official site.

Entry is free on the first Sunday of every month, 25th April, 2nd June and 4th November. Otherwise, tickets start from €18 per adult with concessions available for students, seniors, teachers with school groups and other categories. Children under 18 can access the Palatine Hill for free, though they still need a ticket and a form of ID (passport or provisional license).

For more information about the types of Colosseum tickets available, read our guide to Visiting the Colosseum.

History of the Palatine Hill

The Palatine Hill lies at the confluence of legend, history, and archaeology.

According to legend, it was here that Romulus decided to found his city in 753 BCE after murdering his brother, Remus, who provocatively jumped over its ramparts. Archaeologically, we have evidence that the Palatine was already settled as early as the 13th century BCE, in the late Bronze Age, and inhabited by the 10th century BCE, although the best we can reconstruct is the existence of a stable hut settlement. 

Finding-of-Romulus-and-Remus-by-Andrea-Lucatelli.-Google-Art-Project-1024x768

Finding of Romulus and Remus by Andrea Lucatelli. Google Art Project

While the time of the Palatine’s earliest settlement is clear, the origins of its name are not. Titus Livy, a historian writing at the end of the first century BCE, believed that the hill was named after a Greek city, Pallantium, in the central Peloponesse: 

“This hill was originally called Pallantium from a city of the same name in Arcadia; the name was afterwards changed to Palatium. Evander, an Arcadian, had held that territory many ages before, and had introduced an annual festival from Arcadia in which young men ran about naked for sport and wantonness, in honour of the Lycaean Pan, whom the Romans afterwards called Inuus.”

Livy, From the Founding of Rome, 1.5

The ‘Beverly Hills’ of the Roman Republic 

By the time Livy was writing at the turn of the first century, the Palatine Hill had already been well developed as the home to the rich and famous of Roman society, including his patron, Augustus. Rome’s high priest, the Pontifex Maximus, had long had his residence there, overlooking the House of the Vestals, over whom he had authority, in the Roman Forum below. Pliny the Elder records that Marcus Aemilius Scaurus owned a grand Palatine house adorned with marble columns and was the first to build a theatre with marble walls. Yet the hill’s most celebrated Republican resident was Marcus Tullius Cicero, who wrote extensively about his house there.

Every year, on February 15th, these residents would have a front-row seat to the Lupercalia, a festival harkening back to Rome’s foundation myth. Festivities began with the sacrifice of goats (symbols of fertility) and a dog (linked to purification) at the Lupercal cave at the foot of the Palatine Hill, believed to be where Romulus and Remus were suckled by the she-wolf. The Luperci, priests of the cult, then cut the goat skins into strips and ran anticlockwise around the old boundary of the Palatine Hill, naked or near-naked, lightly striking women to encourage fertility and ensure prosperity. It was during this festival that Julius Caesar refused his crown

The Hill of Emperors

With Rome’s transition from a Republic to an Empire, the Palatine Hill took on new importance as the residence of the princeps (first citizen) and later of the emperor. Augustus (or Octavian as he was known then) had his residence on the Palatine Hill before he became emperor, and when he emerged from the civil wars of the late first century BCE as the sole victor, he established his court in the domus of his Palatine residence.

Successive emperors built their own annexes and residences on the Palatine Hill. Augustus’ successor, Tiberius, is credited with constructing the Domus Tiberiana. The man who replaced him, Caligula, also lived (and died here), assassinated in a cryptoporticus leading to the theatre in January 41 CE. Nero built the short-lived Domus Transitoria, which was engulfed in the Great Fire of 64 CE (the destruction of this palace is good evidence that Nero did not, as some suspect, start the fire himself). At least Nero found some private gain in this personal tragedy, transforming the area between the Palatine and Oppian hills into his Golden House (Domus Aurea).

It was after Nero’s death, with the rise of the Flavian emperors, that the Imperial Palace on the Palatine Hill was finished and formalised. Domitian, who is widely regarded as being one of Rome’s worst emperors, commissioned the architect Rabirius to build a palace divided into four sections: the Domus Flavia (a public area), the Domus Augustana (private apartments), and the so-called Palatine Stadium (extensive gardens).

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Reconstruction of the Palatine Hill in Imperial Rome. Model by André Caron, Maquettes Historiques

The Fall of Rome and the Decline of the Palatine

Later emperors would live in Domitian’s palace (Domus Augustana) until the Fall of the Roman Empire in the West. Even after the Sack of Rome in 410, the Imperial Palace was renovated by the Ostrogothic emperor Theoderic (475–526 CE). 

Archaeological Relevance Today

The Palatine Hill has fared better than the Roman Forum below in preserving at least some elements of its post classical history. Archaeologists have tended to bulldoze medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque buildings in an effort to dig down and discover traces of Rome’s ancient past. 

A large wall from the Loggia Mattei testifies to the much larger and more lavish Villa Mills, which was destroyed in the eighteenth century to enable excavations. Visitors might notice a small sign denoting the Barberini Vineyard (named after the papal family who owned this land until 1910). A small two-storey structure known as the Casina Farnese (Farnese House) stands on the remains of one of the nymphaeums at the side of the large triclinium belonging to Domitian’s imperial palace.

Top Things to See on Palatine Hill

You can visit the following sites on the Palatine Hill with a SUPER Sites ticket:

  • Palatine Museum (lower floor only)
  • House of Augustus (closed Monday)
  • House of Livia (closed Tuesday)
  • Domus Tiberiana (exhibition rooms)
  • Santa Maria Antiqua
  • Horrea Piperataria
  • Aula Isiaca and Loggia Mattei 

Here are the most worthwhile. 

The Imperial Palace

Built by the emperor Domitian (ruled 81-96 AD), the Imperial Palace was the official residence of all Rome’s successive emperors and the prototype for all later Roman palaces. Its chief architect was Rabirius, the man also behind Domitian’s Alban Villa in modern-day Castel Gandolfo. 

Contemporary poets like Statius and Martial lavished praise on its immense scale, ornate decoration, and grandeur, with Martial remarking it made the Pyramids seem laughably tiny by comparison (Martial always was a bit of a lick-*ss). But its importance is clear from the fact that the word "palace" (palazzo, palais, and palacio etc.) comes from the Latin Palatium, of Palatine, where this first imperial residence was built.


House of Augustus

Augustus (ruled 31 BCE–14 CE) was Rome’s first emperor and arguably the savviest politician ever to have lived. His residence on the Palatine was humble by the standards of later emperors, like Nero, who built his Golden Palace in the valley below, or Domitian who built the Imperial Palace. But it was no less impressive. Its two most striking rooms are the Room of the Masks, which features perspective architectural paintings and theatrical masks, and the heavily decorated Room of the Pine Festoons.

House of Livia

Named after Augustus’ third wife, the House of Livia is one of the best-preserved late Republican residences on the Palatine. Its basement-level atrium, supported by travertine pillars, opens onto four richly decorated rooms with mosaic floors and exquisite Second Style wall paintings. Highlights include mythological scenes such as Mercury freeing Io and Galatea fleeing Polyphemus, along with panels of griffins, fantastical creatures, and painted porticoes adorned with festoons of leaves, flowers, and fruit.

Make sure to visit the museum of Palazzo Massimo alle Terme, where frescoes from Livia’s countryside villa are displayed on the top floor. 

The Palatine Stadium

Built under Domitian (90–95 CE) and later remodelled by the Severan emperors following the fire of 192 CE, the so-called Palatine Stadium lies between the Domus Augustana and the Severan Palace. Its elongated rectangular shape and curved south side resembles a racecourse. But was more likely a garden for leisure, surrounded by porticoes and terraces offering scenic views. Richly decorated rooms with mosaics and paintings were added during the Severan period, while later modifications, including a large oval enclosure, further transformed the space. 

Some traditions identify this stadium with the Hippodromus Palatii, the site of Saint Sebastian’s martyrdom.

Palatine Museum

Situated within the nineteenth-century Convent of the Sisters of the Visitation and above the remains of the imperial palace, the Palatine Museum showcases artefacts found on the Palatine Hill. Different phases of the palace foundations are visible from the underground level, while the upper floor showcases an exhibition of sculptural decorations from the palaces, along with displays illustrating their topography and history.

Is Palatine Hill Worth Visiting?

For fans of ancient Roman history, the Palatine Hill is well worth visiting. Even if you don’t visit any of its ‘Super’ sites, you’ll enjoy wandering around the ruins of the imperial palace and getting a sense of the scale and luxury in which the emperors lived.

Pros:

  • Full of fascinating stories that a good guide can bring to life
  • Great views over the Colosseum, Circus Maximus and Roman Forum
  • Easily doable in under an hour
  • Frescoes in the houses of Livia and Augustus are well worth seeing

Cons:

  • Not easily accessible for visitors with mobility issues
  • Takes time from other, more worthwhile sites
  • Quick comparisons to Colosseum/Forum for context

Tips for Visiting the Palatine Hill

The best time to visit depends on the season. During the summer, aim for early to mid-morning to avoid the worst of the heat, bearing in mind that there aren’t many shaded areas at the top of the hill. If you’re visiting Rome off-season (and we generally recommend you do), the Palatine Hill is a great place to explore an hour or so before sunset as you’ll have it almost to yourself.

Palatine Hill Tickets

There is no ticket that only grants you access to the Palatine Hill. Instead, each ticket also includes timed entry to the Colosseum and entry to the Roman Forum 24 hours before or after that. Please bear in mind that you will need to show your ticket or QR code at each of the three sites that make up the Archaeological Park of the Colosseum. 

You can find all the information about the available tickets here.

What to Bring

Bring a refillable water bottle to fill up at the 10 fountains throughout the Archaeological Park of the Colosseum and three on the Palatine Hill. Make sure to also wear sensible footwear, as you’ll be walking on some ancient Roman cobbled streets, and some sun protection or a hat. 

Guided Tours vs. Self-Guided Visits

While you can explore the Palatine Hill without a guide, you’ll be doing so without any context or content. Like all ancient Roman sites, the Palatine Hill is confusing, and to the non-specialist can resemble more a jumble of stone and brick ruins than anything resembling a typical attraction. 

We recommend our Small-Group Colosseum, Roman Forum and Palatine Hill tour. Not only will you enjoy timed skip-the-line entry to the Colosseum, but you’ll also get the knowledge, attention, and expertise of a fluent licensed guide.

What Did the Palatine Hill Look Like?

The Palatine Hill has taken on many different aspects throughout its thousands of years of history, from a late Bronze Age hut settlement to its pinnacle of splendour during the early Roman Empire. For much of the medieval period, it was little more than a grassy mound, where sheep and livestock grazed above the ruins of the imperial palaces. In later history, it was the site of several residences, villas and churches, constructed or patronised by Rome’s leading families. 

FAQs

  • How long does it take to visit Palatine Hill?
    You can visit the Palatine Hill in less than an hour. But if you want to visit its palaces, houses, and museum or go more in-depth, you might want to set aside a couple of hours. Typically, we spend no more than an hour here on our tours, since the Colosseum and Roman Forum below have so much to see. 
  • Is it included in the Colosseum ticket?
    Yes. Every Colosseum ticket includes access to the Palatine Hill and Roman Forum. Unlike the Colosseum, you don’t have a timed entry slot. But you must enter within 24 hours (before or after) of your visit to the Colosseum.
  • Can you visit Palatine Hill without the Forum or Colosseum?
    Sure! But you’ll still need a ticket that grants access to all three sites. 
  • Is there shade/seating on the hill?
    There is some shade and seating on the Palatine Hill, but not as much as down in the Roman Forum. When visiting in summer, dress sensibly (hat, comfortable footwear) and bring a refillable bottle as there are several water fountains in the locality. 
  • Is it suitable for kids or people with mobility issues?
    The Palatine Hill is not especially steep, but nor is it particularly accessible for visitors with mobility issues.  

Ready to Follow in the Footsteps of the Caesars?

Our Small-Group Colosseum tour guides you on an immersive journey through the amphitheatre, the Roman Forum, and the Palatine Hill. Drawing on the experience and expertise of a licensed guide, you’ll follow in the footsteps of emperors and gladiators as you make your way through the heart of ancient Rome. The tour includes timed-entry skip-the-line tickets to the Colosseum and entry to the Palatine Hill and Roman Forum.

Spaces are limited so book your spot today.

Looking for a more exclusive, in-depth exploration of ancient Rome? Book this private tour and enjoy the full attention of an expert, licensed guide.

Alexander Meddings Author Image
Alexander Meddings
Check iconVerified Writer
Alexander Meddings is a professional copywriter and postgraduate in Roman history from the University of Oxford. After graduating with his MPhil, he moved to Florence and then Rome to carry out his research on the ground and pursue his passion at the source. He now works in travel, as a writer and content consultant, and in education as a university lecturer and translator.
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